Who has the authority to approve military insignias and decorations?

The Institute of Heraldry holds the authority to approve military insignias and decorations. This organization is responsible for the design and production of heraldic items for the United States Army, ensuring that all insignias and decorations align with established standards and regulations. By overseeing the creation and approval process, the Institute of Heraldry maintains consistency and adherence to the Army's traditions and values, making it the designated body for these important visual representations of service and achievement.

Other roles mentioned in the choices, such as the Director of Personnel or the Army Chief of Staff, have responsibilities related to personnel management and broader operational leadership but do not specifically handle the design and approval of insignias. The Secretary of Defense oversees a vast range of defense-related activities and policies but does not manage the intricate details of military heraldry at the level that the Institute of Heraldry does.